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The impact of
trace elements on the human body |
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( a ) the
definition of trace elements
Universe is made
of matter, the basic unit of matter is over a hundred chemical
elements. The human body,
too, according to scientific research, has now been confirmed by the
body protein, fat, sugar, salt, vitamins, water and trace bioactive
substances formed. These
chemical elements or substances in the human body has been found to
have 60 kinds,
such as chemical elements according to the weight percentage of
oxygen accounts for about 65 %,
carbon accounting for 18 %,
hydrogen about 10 %,
nitrogen about 3 %,
more than 4 elements
about the body weight of 96 %;
the remainingseven elements:
Calcium about 1.94 %
phosphorus about 1.15 %,
potassium about 0.34 %
sulfur about 0.23 %
sodium accounted for about 0.13 %,
about chlorine 0.12 %,
magnesium about 0.04 %,
The seven together, about the body weight of 3.95 %,
more than two groups together 11 species,
accounting for the total body weight of 99.95 %,
often referred to as essential ( macro ) volume
elements ; other
there are 14 elements
in the human body, only one in a million ( PPM) ~
Wan parts per million ( PPB) ,
which combined dozens of elements, only the body weight of 0.05 %,
known as biological trace elements ( Biological
trace elements) . Where
the total content of the body weight of0.01 %
or less, that is, millionths of the following elements, collectively
referred to as biological and human-related trace elements.
Essential
biological trace elements in the current accepted definition is:
1. it
is to maintain human life, development, reproduction of the required
elements.
2. It
is the daily intake for adults in 100 mg
of the following elements.
( two ) and
the biological function of trace elements in human relationships.
In explaining
the function of biological trace elements and the relationship
between the human body before need to first explain the basic
situation of body composition; already mentioned above, the human
body is made up of protein, fat, carbohydrates, water, inorganic
salts, biological trace elements, vitamins, etc. material composed
of living and thinking, activities of people, these chemicals or
elements in the human body have a certain proportion, now a 60 kilogram (Kg) body
weight of adults, for example, is as follows:
Item chemical
name of the content (Kg) %
of total body weight
1 water 36
60
2 fat 10.8
18
3 protein 9.6
16
4 inorganic
salts and trace elements in biological 2.58
4.3
5 Vitamin
A , B 1,
B 2, C , D ,
PP ,
etc. 0.6
1
6 carbohydrate 0.42
0.7
Total 60 kg
of 100 %
Essential major
elements, primarily used to form the body's electrolytes from the
body and the role of the biological trace elements are indispensable
to the survival of human nutrition, in the human body to become some
, hormones, nucleic acids, vitamins and other activity centers,
maintain the metabolic processes of life, such as the lack of a
biological trace element, can cause physiological function and
structural abnormalities, the occurrence of various diseases and
disorders, usually not directly life threatening, but the activities
necessary for life, it is also known as the essential trace
elements, appropriate when healthy, but will be harmful over time.
Biological trace
elements on the body's physiological functions are:
1. to
promote the catalytic ─
─ biological trace elements can be activated in the human body
thousands of, mostly metals and metal ions. Trace
metal elements can significantly improve the catalyst, such as the
loss of metal, the energy will be extremely decreased, or even lost.
2 involved
in hormone secretion ─
─ biological trace elements to participate in thyroid, kidney and
thyroid hormone secretion and other activities, the absence of some
trace elements will affect the biological synthesis of these
hormones, which affect the regulation of human physiological
functions .
3 is
the constituent part of the genetic material DNA is
the genetic information ─ ─ nucleic acid carriers, and nucleic acid
contains a variety of biological trace elements, so the trace
elements in biological genetic played some role.
4 involved
in the metabolism of
trace elements in biological ─ ─ redox system of human body's
activities, the material stored in the cell to produce energy and
use this energy to play a role in metabolism, the majority of trace
elements in biological age reduced, indicating a direct relationship
with aging.
5 bio-trace
elements is the human body's oxygen transporter.
Human
understanding of biological trace elements, there is a long and
gradually speed up the process. Iron
is the first discovered the essential biological trace elements, 150 years
ago found that iodine, about a decade later to find two essential
biological trace elements pace, to seven, the eighties, people began
to pay greater attention to biological trace elements, while the
process of biological trace elements in the meaning of life,
physiological functions, metabolic processes, performance and
control deficiency, overdose and poisoning prevention and control,
have a more detailed understanding, so far, the known essential
biological trace element has the following 14species:
Iron, zinc,
copper, iodine, manganese, selenium, fluoride, molybdenum, cobalt,
chromium, nickel, vanadium, tin, silicon.
With the
scientific progress of the biological functions of the body will
increase the number of trace elements, but not limited to the number
of currently known.
Trace elements
in the human body, widely distributed, usually can be detected in
all organs, but not evenly distributed, some is dirty tissues
contain a biological trace elements, is relatively concentrated,
such as:
Iron ─ ─ blood,
liver, spleen, bone;
Copper ─ ─
muscle, liver, brain, bone;
Zinc ─ ─ retina,
islets, prostate;
─ ─ iodine
thyroid, adrenal, muscle;
Manganese ─ ─
skeletal muscle, liver, pancreas, brain;
Selenium ─ ─
liver, pancreas, heart, kidney;
Fluorine ─ ─
hair, teeth, nails, bone;
Mo ─ ─ liver,
kidney;
Cobalt ─ ─
liver, kidney, muscle;
─ ─ chrome
heart, liver, lung, etc.;
Uneven
distribution of trace elements in the body, indicating that certain
parts of the body structure and function of biological specificity
of trace elements are closely related, in some pathological cases,
the body's tissue can help detect the condition, or clinical
diagnosis of disease.
Essential role
of trace elements in the body, with quantitative physiological dose
range, in the absence of symptoms of inadequate intake and excessive
intake of toxic reaction occurs between doses, showing a most
appropriate and safe intake of different elements have different
amount of suitable range, such as drinking water iodine content and
the relationship between the prevalence of goiter in iodine
deficiency and iodine excess, can cause endemic goiter; and the body
of the appropriate doses of trace elements on the human body and
toxic dose limits, mostly small, so, on the intake of the study is
the object of study in today's national focus.
Trace
elements the body between each other both synergy and mutually
antagonistic, but in a precise balance. This
is because the electronic structure and chemical properties of the
physical differences between each element plays the role of
biological disturbance, if antagonistic
elements:
─ ─ manganese
and iron; iron ─ ─ copper; ─ ─ copper zinc; ─ ─ copper molybdenum;
selenium ─ ─ mercury;
Have synergistic
elements:
Copper ─ ─
mercury; selenium ─ ─ cobalt; arsenic ─ ─ lead.
The human body,
the lack of or too much of an element of reason, there are two
cases: one directly from their own reasons; Second, other elements
interfere with its function of an indirect response, such as the
antagonism between elements , can enhance the toxic effects of
elements, so the study of trace elements in human body, the
relationship between the body and appropriate ratio, and study the
role of a single element is equally important.
With the
development of life sciences, micro-analysis and biomedical
technology to improve the cumulative results, it is increasingly
recognized that biological trace elements on human health, old age,
sickness, death and genetic metabolic, has an important, even
decisive role in . As the
biological trace elements like some vitamins can be synthesized in
the human body, but mainly from food, water, air and drugs, so it
was said, in the human body needs nutrition, bio-trace elements is
more important than vitamin .
Trace elements in biological research and human health
relationships, micro-analysis technology is the key means of
eighties the sensitivity of trace analysis techniques have improved
the sixties than two orders of magnitude, with the international
instruments on the analysis, such as graphite furnace atomic
absorption spectrometry, spark source mass spectrometry and
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection limits, are
able to achieve PPT level ( that
is billion parts per million ) ,
neutron activation analysis of up to 10
ppt ,
and the law of Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy up to 10
ppt . However,
analysis of these instruments , there
is still a matrix interference problem, the need to remove it during
the pre-test matrix. Therefore,
only further research and development of high sensitivity
micro-precision analytical instruments and chemical analysis in
order to provide a more accurate and reliable trace element analysis
of data as the basis for the study of human physiology, in order to
raise awareness of the biological interaction of trace elements and
human health understanding of the relationship, as well as hormones,
the relationship between vitamins, in order to understand the
context in a very small amount of biological effectiveness and
toxicity of trace elements in the balance, but also from a
nutritional aspect to further study the in vivo biological trace
elements with required trace elements, thereby preventing certain
diseases, cancer, deformities or genetic mutations occur . |
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